Revisiting Gender Issues in the 21st Century: A Conceptual Analysis of Equality, Identity, and Power Dynamics

Abstract

The discourse on gender has undergone a remarkable transformation in the 21st century, extending beyond biological determinism to encompass social construction, cultural interpretation, and political negotiation. While global movements and institutional reforms have advanced equality, deep-rooted patriarchal ideologies, cultural stereotypes, and structural hierarchies continue to shape gender relations. This conceptual paper examines contemporary gender issues through the integrated lenses of equality, identity, and power. It highlights the evolving nature of gender discourse across societies, exploring how globalization, digital media, and intersectionality have redefined traditional gender paradigms. Drawing from feminist theories, queer perspectives, and sociocultural frameworks, the study explores the persistence of gender gaps, gender-based violence, workplace discrimination, and digital activism. The analysis emphasizes that achieving genuine gender equality demands not only policy-level reform but also a transformation in social attitudes and cultural norms. By revisiting foundational concepts and integrating new insights, this paper contributes to a broader understanding of the multifaceted dynamics of gender in the contemporary world and calls for inclusive, intersectional, and participatory approaches to empowerment.