Coastal Erosion and Sea-Level Rise in India: Causes, Consequences, and Sustainable Management Approaches

Abstract

India’s  extensive  coastline,  stretching  over  7,500 kilometers, is facing increasing threats from coastal erosion and rising sea levels, primarily driven by climate change and unsustainable human activities. This  review  aims  to  analyze  the  major  causes, environmental  and  socio-economic  consequences, and potential policy responses to these challenges. Coastal erosion results from both natural processes such as wave dynamics, storms, and tectonic shifts, as  well  as  anthropogenic  factors  including  sand mining, infrastructure development, and mangrove destruction. The rising sea level further intensifies shoreline  retreat,  saltwater  intrusion,  and  habitat loss.  These  changes  not  only  endanger  coastal ecosystems but also jeopardize livelihoods, tourism, and  cultural  heritage.  The  study  emphasizes  the urgent need for integrated coastal zone management, technological  monitoring,  and  community-based adaptation  strategies.  Sustainable  development, coupled with scientific and policy interventions, is essential to mitigate the long-term impacts on India’s coastal regions.